Best practices for covering sexual violence in the media

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Coverage of sexual violence by the news media is essential, as it helps to convey information about the issue to the public. Although it can be difficult to cover cases of sexual violence, appropriate media coverage reflects the complexity of sexual violence and does not present the case as an individual, isolated event. Its aim is to avoid harming victims and survivors as well as their loved ones, and to avoid perpetuating myths, prejudices and stereotypes that trivialize or justify sexual violence. For more information on the influence of the media on social norms, see the Media and sexual violence prevention section.

The following content addresses the many practices that can facilitate appropriate media coverage of sexual violence. The best practices come from international and Canadian guides, manuals, and reports on sexual violence, violence against women and girls, and violence against children. These documents offer concrete recommendations and guidelines for anyone working in the media or in the public sphere who deals with the issue of sexual violence. In Quebec, the Press Council offers support to journalists and the news media, notably through its Ethics Guide, which provides a framework for the practice of journalism, but does not provide specific recommendations for dealing with cases of sexual violence.

Ethics and the Quebec Press Council

The Quebec Press Council is a private, independent, nonprofit organization that defends freedom of the press and the right of the public to quality news and information. Its scope extends to all news media organizations that publish or broadcast in Quebec, whether they belong to the print or electronic media (radio, television, digital). It promotes the ethical standards governing the practice of journalism in Quebec, which can be consulted in the Quebec Press Council's Guide to Journalistic Ethics. The Guide sets out three main principles: independence, pursuing the truth, and respect for individuals and groups1.

Presenting the complexity and scope of sexual violence

To promote a better public understanding of sexual violence, it is important to present information that reflects the complexity and scope of the problem2. When covering a specific case in the media, it is important to focus on the details that are strictly necessary to understand the facts. This reduces the risk of transmitting stereotypes and prejudices about sexual violence (e.g., blaming the victim, absolving the perpetrator or justifying their actions).

Inform the public about the manifestations and scope of sexual violence

“Sexual violence” is a term that encompasses a continuum of acts of violence, with or without contact, manifested sexually or targeting sexuality. Sexual violence includes, but is not limited to, sexual assault, sexual exploitation, sexual cyberviolence, reproductive coercion, and sexual harassment. See also Understanding sexual violence

  • Disseminate information, when possible, on the multiple manifestations and contexts in which sexual violence can occur (e.g., relationship or family context, private or public space, workplace, school, sports, etc)3.
  • Try to avoid over-representing cases with less common characteristics of sexual violence (e.g., presence of physical injuries, perpetrator unknown to victim and survivor, public figure) or presenting only the most serious cases4.
  • Recall the more frequent forms and characteristics of sexual violence, depending on the case reported, such as the fact that it is more often perpetrated by a person known to the victim and survivor (e.g., intimate partner or ex-partner, family member) in a private space, such as the home3,5.
  • Provide statistics on sexual violence based on recent evidence3,5-10. Point out that the statistics are an underestimation of the true extent of the problem, that they represent only the tip of the iceberg, and that the vast majority of sexual assaults are not reported to the police6,9.
    • For more information on the scope of sexual violence, see the Statistics section.

Share only the details needed to understand the facts when covering a specific case

  • Include details that provide a complete and accurate understanding of the facts, while placing sexual violence in a broader social context11.
  • Pay particular attention to the risk of identifying the victim and survivor when adding specific details (e.g., about them, about the perpetrator, about the relationship between the two, about what happened), as it could be easy to identify someone even when measures are taken to depersonalize them3-5,9.
  • Avoid including explicit details about the case of sexual violence that are not absolutely necessary to understand the facts and avoid including only the more sensationalist details of the facts2,11.
    • Avoid describing in detail the actions (or modus operandi) taken by the perpetrator during the violence, as this could lead to re-traumatization for some people11.
    • Avoid including information about the victim and survivor that is not necessary to understand the case (e.g., clothing, job, marital status, ethnicity, religion, sexuality), as these details may have the effect of blaming the person for what they have experienced or reinforcing certain myths and prejudices about violence9,11.
    • Avoid focusing on the characteristics of the perpetrator when this is not necessary (e.g., position in the community, job, religion), as this could have the effect of describing the perpetrator in a favourable light and raise doubts about what happened11.

For examples of common myths about sexual violence, see the Myths and facts section.

Contextualizing the facts reported

Sexual violence is a major public health issue associated with specific risk factors and consequences and can be prevented through a variety of strategies.

Situate the case of sexual violence in its broader context

  • Avoid treating cases of sexual violence as individual and isolated events2,6,7,10,11, as this is a major public health issue with consequences for the entire population.
  • Make it clear that the case reported is not an isolated one, but rather part of a broader context of sexual violence, in which women and girls are more often affected. Whenever possible, recall the systemic nature of violence, resulting from relationships of power and domination and affecting society as a whole, and recognize that it constitutes a violation of fundamental rights6,7,9-12.

Highlight the risk factors and consequences associated with sexual violence

  • Highlight, when possible, the factors that can contribute to sexual violence (e.g., inequalities between men and women, misogyny, sexism, people's beliefs and attitudes in relation to this issue, socio-economic inequalities, etc)5,6,10,13.
  • Avoid describing sexual violence as having a single cause. Violence is the result of a complex interaction between several factors, with no single factor being able to explain it (e.g., alcohol or drug use alone cannot explain why someone has perpetrated sexual violence)9.
  • Highlight the consequences of sexual violence for those affected and for society as a whole5,6,10,11,13. Avoid focusing on the consequences for the perpetrator and on their reputation11.

Present examples of interventions and prevention strategies

  • Give concrete examples of interventions and prevention strategies, when possible and relevant. For example, present an intervention implemented in a specific community that supports victims and survivors and their family and friends, or, on a larger scale, a law or public policy13.
  • Include  more general discussion points on individual, organizational, and community measures to prevent sexual violence6,7.
    • For examples of prevention strategies, visit the Prevention page.

Respecting the rules governing judicial coverage of cases of sexual violence

Media coverage of cases of sexual violence is complex, especially when the event has just occurred, or the case is already before the courts. It can be difficult to know the laws and legal parameters surrounding judicial coverage and to distinguish the various criminal offences relating to the case covered. Informing yourself, or referring to an expert, are practices that should be encouraged to ensure that the public receives accurate information. The following practices are examples of informal or formal rules, some of which are set out in the Canadian Criminal Code, for example.

  • Ensure the anonymity of the victim and survivor by avoiding the inclusion of any identifying details, where applicable3-5,9.
  • Be aware of and respect the legal parameters that specify what can and cannot be reported regarding sexual offences (e.g., publication bans on identity, involvement of children in the case)9.
  • Explain in simple terms the laws or sections of laws applicable to the case covered3,9.
  • Use police or court documents to report the facts, taking into account different points of view11.
  • Respect the right of the accused to be presumed innocent and to a fair trial11.
    • Regardless of the verdict handed down at trial (acquittal or guilty), try to broaden the points of view reported to show, where appropriate, the possible positive repercussions of the trial for the victim and survivor.
    • During a trial, accurately report what happened in the courtroom and avoid using only the defense's narrative and covering only the “sensational” aspects of the trial5,9.

Varying the points of view

Encouraging the use of a variety of viewpoints, including those of experts in the field of sexual violence and of victims and survivors, helps to put the facts into context and to gain a more complete understanding of the case covered.

Focus on the point of view of experts in the field of sexual violence

  • Consult experts in the field of sexual violence, i.e. people from the field of intervention or research who have developed an understanding of the issue, to obtain more complete and objective information or to place the case in its broader context3,5,6,8-11,13.
  • For example, talk to:
    • Counsellors or spokespersons for organizations combatting sexual violence or helping victims and survivors of sexual violence
    • Researchers at universities or affiliated with a research centre dealing with sexual violence or related issues
    • Professionals or spokespersons from organizations, institutions, or ministries involved in the study of sexual violence
    • Spokespersons for associations of victims and survivors of sexual violence
    • Healthcare professionals (psychologist, sexologist, doctor, nurse)
    • Child protection workers, when applicable.
  • Avoid relying solely on the point of view of a single person from the legal community, such as the police or a court worker, as this may result in an incomplete picture of the case9,11.

Organizations that may be contacted for an interview

Support organizations for victims and survivors of sexual violence
Networks of support organizations for perpetrators of sexual violence
  • À cœur d’homme (in French only) 
    Network of organizations working with perpetrators of domestic and family violence, including sexual violence. 
    https://www.acoeurdhomme.com/contactez-nous | Media enquiries:   [email protected]
  • Regroupement des intervenants en matière d’agression sexuelle (RIMAS) (in French only) 
    Coalition of organizations, professionals, researchers, and students from various fields in Quebec who are concerned about the problem of sexual offending 
    https://www.rimas.qc.ca/ | 1-514-250-0029 (general telephone numberl)
Centre for research on sexual violence
  • Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles (CRIPCAS)
    Network of organizations, researchers, and students from a variety of disciplines focusing on sexual assault and issues related to intimate relationships.
    https://www.cripcas.ca/en/press-room | Several contacts on the site for media inquiries

Include the point of view of victims and survivors

  • Give the victim and survivor a voice and include direct quotes from them (during a trial or an interview), when possible4-6, while paying particular attention to the risk of identifying the victim and survivor3-5,9.
  • Highlight the resilience and healing process of the victim and survivor and present the consequences reported by this person as a result of the event5-8.
  • Draw on the principles of trauma-informed journalism to avoid the potentially harmful effects of journalistic practices (see box below).
  • When interviewing victims and survivors, from the initial contact to the release of the article or report, always ensure that you have their free and informed consent. Also ensure that they have a good understanding of the journalistic process and that they are well informed about the purpose, intention, format, and expected scope or effects of the media coverage7,14.

Trauma-informed journalism

Trauma-informed journalism is based on the understanding that trauma, such as sexual violence, has multiple and lasting impacts on a person's life and on the way they remember events. This journalistic approach consists of creating a relationship of trust and transparency with sources and reporting events by highlighting the strengths of each individual10,14. It aims to avoid secondary trauma for the victims and survivors who are interviewed, by reacting to their experiences with compassion and sensitivity10,14. For example, when a victim and survivor is interviewed, questions can be asked about their feelings and emotions rather than focusing on specific details of their experience that are potentially traumatic for them10,14. In cases where the words of people who have experienced sexual violence are reported, it is important to ensure that their words are used in the report or article4,10.

Exercise caution when including the point of view of loved ones and of the community

  • Use caution when reporting the words and reactions of loved ones of victims and survivors8, who may be affected in many ways by the situation (e.g., in a state of shock) and who may potentially convey myths about sexual violence.
  • Avoid calling on distant acquaintances of the victim and survivor, as they are unlikely to know much about the context and circumstances of the case of sexual violence being covered8. When their point of view is reported, counterbalance it with other statements, such as those of experts.
  • Avoid focusing solely on the comments and reactions of people close to the perpetrator or in their community (e.g., friends, neighbours, work colleagues), as the emphasis is often on relieving guilt and showing sympathy for the perpetrator6,9.

Avoid highlighting the point of view of perpetrators

  • Avoid wording that is sympathetic to the perpetrator and presents them in a favourable light, as this can lead to stereotyping and prejudice (e.g., “he was a wonderful husband and a loving father”, “we could never have imagined...”)5,6,9,11.
  • Avoid focusing on the perpetrator's mental health problems and difficult life experiences. This can have the effect of justifying the violence or absolving the perpetrator of responsibility for these actions5,9,11.
  • Avoid placing too much emphasis on the perpetrator and their words, and avoid highlighting their quotes whenever possible, as this can have the effect of normalizing their attitudes and behaviour and lead to further trauma for victims and survivors5.

Using appropriate, neutral, and precise vocabulary

Language is very important and can influence the way in which sexual violence is understood and perceived3. The language used to describe cases of sexual violence must be as accurate as possible, while avoiding the use of terms that normalize or minimize it, leave room for misinterpretation, or suggest consent to the sexual acts. To avoid perpetuating myths, prejudices and stereotypes about victims, survivors and perpetrators, certain words and expressions should be avoided10.

These practices apply just as much to the choice of a title for an article as to its content. However, those who write an article's content are not always the ones responsible for the final headline, which is why it is important that all the members of a media organization are familiar with the journalistic practices to be adopted when covering sexual violence. When possible, the person writing the article can work with the entire editorial team to discuss how the story will be presented11,14.

How to refer to the victim and survivor

To refer to the victim and survivor, simply use the term chosen by the person who experienced the sexual violence. It is important to consider the repercussions of representing a person as a “victim” or a “survivor” because of the meanings inherent in these terms. The term “victim” generally refers to the fact of having suffered harm, such as an attack on one's physical or mental integrity, or a violation of one's rights15. Many people prefer the term “survivor”, as it emphasizes the ability to take action and the resilience of the person concerned3,11. Other people may not wish to be referred to as either10, preferring instead to use the expression “person who has suffered or experienced sexual assault”11, and it is important to respect their choice.

Description of sexual violence

Do's  

  • Be precise in your choice of words and use neutral vocabulary6,8.
    • For example: sexual violence, sexual assault, sexual harassment, sexual offence
  • Use words that clearly express the violent, non-consensual, and serious nature of the act10,11.
  • Name the form of violence experienced and/or the offence, if applicable5.
    • For example: sexual assault (armed, serious), sexual interference or invitation to sexual touching, luring, publication of an intimate image without consent.

Don'ts  

  • Use euphemisms, vague terms and those that minimize or trivialize violence2,8-11,16 .
    • For example: intercourse, sex, sexual activity, kissing, caressing, stealing a kiss11 .
  • Use terms that are sensationalist or dramatic9,16.
    • For example: sex scandal, controversy, saga16.
  • Describe the perpetrators using colourful or unusual words.
    • For example: monster, beast, demon, tormenter8.

Legal considerations

Do's  

  • Use the terms “declared” or “reported” when the case is officially part of the judicial system3,6.
  • Use the term “complainant” if the victim and survivor has filed criminal charges.
  • Use “said”, “according to”, “reported” or “told” and attribute what was said to a particular person.
    • For example: “The police reported that...”; “According to the judge...”11.

Don'ts  

  • Use terms such as “presumed”, “alleged”, or “supposed”. Although these terms may be required when a person is accused of a crime but not convicted, such as during an ongoing criminal trial, they can create doubts about the existence of the act that was perpetrated and the word of the survivor and victim and lead to the perpetrator being absolved of guilt6,11,14,16.
    • For example: alleged sexual assault, alleged victim.

Responsibility of the perpetrator

Do's  

  • Use language that makes the perpetrator responsible for the sexual violence perpetrated against another person; make the perpetrator the subject of the sentence and the verb5,9,11.
    • When a person is accused of a crime, use for example: “According to information obtained by the police, the perpetrator sexually assaulted…”
    • When the perpetrator has been found guilty, use for example: “He sexually assaulted…”

Don'ts  

  • Make the victim and survivor the subject of the sentence and the verb11.
    • For example: “The survivor performed fellatio against her
  • Avoid using phrases that remove responsibility from the perpetrator of the violence8,11.
    • For example: “She was raped” or “An assault occurred”8,11.

Perspective of the victim and survivor

Do's  

  • Use the language and pronouns preferred by the person being interviewed to identify themselves and talk about their experience.
    • For example: “victim”, “survivor”, “person who has suffered or experienced sexual assault”11.
  • Use neutral language such as “shares”, “says”, “tells”, “reports”, or “affirms” to describe what a victim and survivor is saying about their experience11,14.

Don'ts  

  • Automatically use the term “victim”, unless that is what the person being interviewed prefers11.
  • Use phrases such as “the victim and survivor admits/confesses/confides” to describe the account of a sexual assault, as this implies that they are responsible for the assault or are ashamed of having experienced it11.
  • Use language that justifies the violence or unintentionally blames the victim for what happened to them, particularly if they had taken psychoactive substances such as alcohol, if they had been out late at night, if they were walking alone9.

For more information on the definitions and terms associated with sexual violence, see the Understanding sexual violence section.

Using appropriate images and videos

The choice of images to illustrate a report is important. Images and videos can perpetuate and even reinforce myths, stereotypes and prejudices about sexual violence. They can also create a biased perception of victims and survivors of sexual violence, particularly women9,10,17. It is therefore important to consider the impact that the image or video chosen to represent the story may have on the victim and survivor, on their family, on other victims and survivors, and, more generally, on the public9,17.

Context

Do's  

  • Use images that highlight the context in which the violence occurred, when relevant17.
    • For example: a photo of the exterior or interior of a school building or workplace where the acts of violence took place.

Don'ts  

  • Avoid using only images taken in a dark outdoor environment that show a person walking alone, as this reinforces the myth that sexual violence is always perpetrated in a public place by a stranger17.

Responsability of the perpetrator

Do's  

  • Use images that involve the perpetrator, such as being taken away by the police, to focus the case on the perpetrator's behaviour rather than that of the victim and survivor4,9.

Don'ts  

  • Use images that show the perpetrator in a favourable light11.

Resilience of victims and survivors

Do's  

  • In cases where the victim and survivor wishes their identity to be shared and it is legally possible to do so, use images that present them in a positive light or show their resilience9.
  • If possible, check with the victim and survivor to see if they are happy with the choice of image11,17.
  • Use images that show someone seeking help11,17.
    • For example: a photo showing a support group for victims and survivors of sexual violence or a person in a session with a healthcare professional.

Don'ts  

  • Use images that portray violence in a stereotypical way or that victimize or infantilize victims and survivors, particularly women9-11,17.
    • For example: photo of a person who has physical injuries (e.g., bruises); is cowering; has a facial expression that shows great helplessness (e.g. sadness, distress); or is sexualized or dehumanized9-11,17.
  • Use images that focus on the actions of the victim and survivor11.
    • For example: photo of a person drinking alcohol11.

Diverse representations

Do's  

  • Use images of people from different communities (e.g., people of sexual or gender diversity, racialized people, Indigenous people, people with a disability or incapacity)11.

Don'ts  

  • Use only images of white, young, non-disabled women when talking about sexual violence in general, as this contributes to the invisibilization of racialized, older, and disabled women in the public space, who are in fact over-represented among victims and survivors of sexual violence17.

Raising awareness of support resources and encouraging people to seek help

The news media is often consulted by victims and survivors of sexual violence. It is therefore an important means of publicizing the resources that offer help and support and encouraging people to seek help5,13. Content notes are another way of informing the public that the material presented may be sensitive and can also refer people to resources for help14.

  • Present help resources in order of priority (starting with emergency and crisis resources, then counselling and support resources). These resources should be useful to victims and survivors of sexual violence and their loved ones, to perpetrators of sexual violence, or to people who want more information on the issue8-10.
  • Present resources that are specific and relevant to the population or community concerned, such as contact information for local organizations2,10,13.
  • When possible, inform the public about how to provide support to a victim and survivor of sexual violence, and how to receive a disclosure of sexual violence.
  • Include a content note to inform the readership that the material presented may be sensitive for some people, for example by including a help resource. This note can accompany texts, images, social media posts, videos, or audio clips14.
    • For example: “This content contains information that may be troubling or disturbing for some people, as it relates to a case of sexual violence. If you have been a victim of sexual violence and need help, call the Sexual Violence Helpline at 1-888-933-9007.”

The following is an example of a resource box that can be included in an article:

In an emergency, call your local police: 9-1-1.

If you or someone you know is a victim of sexual violence, call the Sexual Violence Helpline at 1-888-933-9007 (24/7) or visit https://sexualviolencehelpline.ca/ to chat online with a counsellor.

If you are a victim of sexual violence and would like free legal advice, call the Rebâtir phoneline at 1-833-732-2847 (8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday to Friday) or visit https://rebatir.ca/

If you or someone you know is a victim of a crime, contact your local Crime Victims Assistance Centre (CAVAC): https://cavac.qc.ca/en/contact/reach-a-cavac/

If you have perpetrated or are afraid of perpetrating a sexual assault, contact your local assistance organization: https://www.quebec.ca/en/family-and-support-for-individuals/violence/help-and-resources-for-sexual-assault-victims-and-sexual-assailants/organizations-that-help-sexual-assailants

For a comprehensive list of resources on sexual violence, see the Resources section.

References

  1. Conseil de presse du Québec (2015). Guide de déontologie journalistique du Conseil de presse du Québec, [online], Conseil de presse du Québec, <https://conseildepresse.qc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Guide-de-deont…; (Retrieved on November 17, 2023).  
  2. Döring, N., et R. Walter (2020). « Media Coverage of Child Sexual Abuse: A Framework of Issue-Specific Quality Criteria », Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, vol. 29, n° 4, p. 393‑412.
  3. Minnesota Coalition Against Sexual Assault (MNCASA) (2017). Reporting on Sexual Violence: A guide for journalists (second edition), [online], Minnesota, États-Unis, Minnesota Coalition Against Sexual Assault (MNCASA), <https://mncasa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Reporting-on-Sexual-Viole…; (Retrieved on November 3, 2023).
  4. Fuentes, L., A. S. Saxena et J. Bitterly (2022). Mapping the nexus between media reporting of violence against girls: The normalization of violence, and the perpetuation of harmful gender norms and stereotypes., [online], UN Women, <https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2022-08/Evidence-review-Map…; (Retrieved on October 25, 2023).
  5. Zero Tolerance (2021). Media Guidelines on Violence Against Women, [online], Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Zero Tolerance, <https://www.zerotolerance.org.uk/resources/Media-Guidelines-on-Violence…; (Retrieved on September 8, 2023).
  6. Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture (2019). Informer sur les violences à l’égard des filles et des femmes: Manuel pour les journalistes, [online], Paris, France, UNESCO, <https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000371521&gt; (Retrieved on November 14, 2023).
  7. Deligiorgis, D., et M. Benkirane (2020). La grande conversation : Manuel de lutte contre la violence à l’égard des femmes et des filles dans et à travers les médias, [online], UNESCO et ONU Femmes, <https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000372923&gt; (Retrieved on October 25, 2023).
  8. Sutherland, G., A. McCormack, J. Pirkis, C. Vaughan, M. Dunne-Breen, P. Easteal et K. Holland (2016). Media representations of violence against women and their children: Final report, [online], Australie, Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety Limited (ANROWS), <https://d2bb010tdzqaq7.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/0…; (Retrieved on November 1st, 2023).
  9. Our WATCh (2019). How to report on violence against women and their children, Australie, End violence against Women And Their Children.
  10. Morrison, J., et C. Dietzel (2023). Unpacking the narrative: An analysis of media guides about responsible reporting on sexual violence, iMPACTS, Collaborations to Adress Sexual Violence on Campus, McGill University.
  11. Elford, S., S. Giannitsopoulou et F. Khan (2017). #LesBONSmots : La couverture médiatique de la violence sexuelle au Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Femifesto.
  12. Sutherland, G., A. Mccormack, P. Easteal, K. Holland et J. Pirkis (2016). « Media guidelines for the responsible reporting of violence against women: A review of evidence and issues », Australian Journalism Review, vol. 38, p. 8‑17.
  13. World Health Organization (2022). Reporting on violence against children: A guide for journalists, [online], World Health Organization, <https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240052116&gt; (Retrieved on September 21, 2022).
  14. Khan, F., S. Giannitsopoulou, A. Elmi, A. Snow, A. Naushan, C. Bridgeman, I. Maudsley, N. McMillan et D. Patel (2023). Use the Right Words: Media Reporting on Sexual Violence in Canada, [online], Possibility Seeds, Femifesto, <https://possibilityseeds.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1.-Use-the-Right…; (Retrieved on September 8, 2023).  
  15. Office québécois de la langue française « Victime », dans Office québécois de la langue française, [online], <https://vitrinelinguistique.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/fiche-gdt/fiche/8414911/vic…; (Retrieved on July 18, 2024).
  16. Aroustamian, C. (2020). « Time’s up: Recognising sexual violence as a public policy issue: A qualitative content analysis of sexual violence cases and the media », Aggression and Violent Behavior, vol. 50, p. 101341.
  17. Schwark, S. (2017). « Visual Representations of Sexual Violence in Online News Outlets », Frontiers in Psychology, [online], vol. 8, <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00774&gt; (Retrieved on November 1st, 2023).

Authors: Maude Lachapelle, Scientific Advisor, INSPQ | Cynthia Nasr, Scientific Advisor, INSPQ
Contributors: Dominique Gagné, Scientific Advisor, INSPQ | Richard Daigle, Information Officer, INSPQ | Amélie Daoust-Boisvert, Assistant Professor, Department of Journalism at Concordia University
External review: Karine Mac Donald, Criminologist and Communications and Public Relations Coordinator for the CAVAC Network | Malorie Comtois, Social Worker and Clinical Specialist in Sexual Violence at Juripop

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