Consequences of sexual violence

If you have experienced or witnessed sexual violence and need help, please contact the Sexual Violence Helpline by phone at 1-888-933-9007 or by chat at sexualviolencehelpline.ca.

Sexual violence is a major public health issue, due to its scale, preventability, and significant health consequences. Whether experienced in childhood, adolescence or adulthood, sexual violence can have a wide range of short- and long-term physical, psychological, social and economic consequences for victims, their loved ones, and society in general.  

The immediate consequences of sexual violence, whatever its form, can result in shock, physical injury, and feelings of insecurity, fear, anger and shame. According to a Canadian survey, nearly two-thirds of female victims report having feared for their safety and having been frightened as a result of the violencee1.

According to a meta-analysis, three out of four (74.6%) victims of sexual violence involving contact will exhibit symptoms of post-traumatic stress one month after the event, and two out of five (41.5%) will present symptoms one year later2.

Other consequences may appear in the short or long term, such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, alcohol or drug abuse, isolation, and suicidal thoughts or attempts(1,3–5). Sexual violence can also lead to several health problems over the course of a lifetime, such as chronic pain, sleep disorders, or frequent headaches(1,3,6). These consequences are not experienced by all victims, and some people manage to recover and grow in a positive way after experiencing sexual violence, especially with support(4).

On an economic level, sexual violence entails considerable costs for society. This economic burden includes costs related to victims directly (e.g., health care, lost productivity, intangible costs such as suffering), to the justice system (e.g., police, courts, correctional process), and to other indirect costs (e.g., victim services, other costs to employers related to lost productivity). In Canada, the most recent data, dating from 2009, estimates this total cost at $4.8 billion(7). For each victim, the costs are estimated at US$880 for short-term loss of productivity and up to US$386,490 for the overall cost, according to studies conducted between 2000 and 2022 in high-income countries(8).

The vast majority of studies on the consequences of sexual violence focus on the perspective of victims, using self-reported data, and compare the health status of victims with that of non-victims. These studies are numerous, and an increasing number of them are based on high-quality methodology, although they may have certain methodological limitations9–12.

Consequences for certain population groups

The consequences of sexual violence can be amplified in certain population groups, due to their less advantaged social position in society. This position influences their risk of experiencing various forms of discrimination (e.g., sexism, heterosexism, racism, ableism), stigmatization, and violence throughout their lives. Some stigmatized groups also face more frequent barriers to accessing support resources, health care or justice, which can exacerbate the consequences of sexual violence(13)

Among these groups, for example, women of sexual diversity who have been victims of sexual violence report a higher intensity of depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and substance abuse than heterosexual women(14–16). According to certain studies, Indigenous people also report more severe symptoms of post-traumatic stress, somatic symptoms, and sexual difficulties than non-Indigenous people in relation to sexual violence(17,18). Collective trauma resulting from colonialism is increasingly cited as a reason for the greater severity of the consequences of sexual violence among Indigenous people(19)

References

  1. Basile, K.C., Smith, S.G., Kresnow, M., Khatiwada S., et Leemis, R.W. (2022). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2016/2017 Report on Sexual Violence, [en ligne], Atlanta, GA, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, <https://www.cdc.gov/nisvs/documentation/nisvsReportonSexualViolence.pdf…; (consulté le 22 mai 2025).
  2. Dworkin, E. R., A. E. Jaffe, M. Bedard-Gilligan et S. Fitzpatrick (2023). « PTSD in the Year Following Sexual Assault: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies », Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, vol. 24, n° 2, p. 497‑514.
  3. Cotter, A., et L. Savage (2019). La violence fondée sur le sexe et les comportements sexuels non désirés au Canada, 2018 : Premiers résultats découlant de l’Enquête sur la sécurité dans les espaces publics et privés, [en ligne], Statistique Canada, « Juristat », <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2019001/article/00017-fra…; (consulté le 27 juin 2024).
  4. Stockman, D., L. Haney, K. Uzieblo, H. Littleton, I. Keygnaert, G. Lemmens et L. Verhofstadt (2023). « An ecological approach to understanding the impact of sexual violence: a systematic meta-review », Frontiers in psychology, vol. 14, p. 1032408.
  5. Stein, C., L. S. Flor, G. F. Gil, M. Khalil, M. Herbert, A. Y. Aravkin, A. Arrieta, M. J. Baeza de Robba, F. Bustreo, J. Cagney, R. J. C. Calderon-Anyosa, S. Carr, J. K. Chandan, J. S. Chandan, C. V. N. Coll, F. M. D. de Andrade, G. N. de Andrade, A. N. Debure, E. DeGraw, B. Hammond, S. I. Hay, F. M. Knaul, R. Q. H. Lim, S. A. McLaughlin, N. Metheny, S. Minhas, J. K. Mohr, E. C. Mullany, C. J. L. Murray, E. M. O’Connell, V. Patwardhan, S. Reinach, D. Scott, C. N. Spencer, R. J. D. Sorensen, H. Stöckl, A. Twalibu, A. Valikhanova, N. Vasconcelos, P. Zheng et E. Gakidou (2025). « The health effects associated with physical, sexual and psychological gender-based violence against men and women: a Burden of Proof study », Nature Human Behaviour, p. 1‑16.
  6. Xiong, P., Y. Chen, M. Liu, Z. Han et Y. Liu (2025). « Global burden of diseases attributable to childhood sexual abuse and bullying: findings from 1990 to 2019 and predictions to 2035 », Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, [en ligne], <https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-025-02863-x&gt; (consulté le 22 mai 2025).
  7. Hoddenbagh, J., T. Zhang et S. McDonald (2014). An estimation of the economic impact of violent victimization in Canada, 2009, [en ligne], Ottawa, Ontario, Department of Justice Government of Canada, Research and Statistics Division, <https://justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/victim/rr14_01/rr14_01.pdf&gt; (consulté le 23 mai 2025).
  8. Peterson, C., M. V. Aslam, K. L. Rice, N. Gupta et M. C. Kearns (2024). « Systematic Review of Per Person Violence Costs », American journal of preventive medicine, vol. 66, n° 2, p. 342‑350.
  9. Brunton, R., et R. Dryer (2022). « Sexual violence and Australian women: A longitudinal analysis of psychosocial and behavioral outcomes », Social science & medicine, vol. 292, p. 114334.
  10. Papalia, N., E. Mann et J. R. Ogloff (2021). « Child sexual abuse and risk of revictimization: Impact of child demographics, sexual abuse characteristics, and psychiatric disorders », Child Maltreatment, vol. 26, n° 1, p. 74‑86.
  11. Dunn, E. C., K. Nishimi, A. Neumann, A. Renaud, C. A. M. Cecil, E. S. Susser et H. Tiemeier (2020). « Time-Dependent Effects of Exposure to Physical and Sexual Violence on Psychopathology Symptoms in Late Childhood: In Search of Sensitive Periods in Development », Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 59, n° 2, p. 283-295.e284.
  12. Noll, J. G. (2021). « Child sexual abuse as a unique risk factor for the development of psychopathology: The compounded convergence of mechanisms », Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, vol. 17, p. 439‑464.
  13. Thibault, S., G. Pagé et C. Boulebsol (2022). Justice pour les femmes marginalisées victimes de violences sexospécifiques : ce que la littérature et les intervenantes nous apprennent, [en ligne], Montréal, Service aux collectivités de l’Université du Québec à Montréal / Fédération des maisons d’hébergement pour femmes / Regroupement des maisons pour femmes victimes de violence conjugale / Concertation des luttes contre l’exploitation sexuelle / Regroupement québécois des centres d’aide et de lutte contre les agressions à caractère sexuel, <https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4491283&gt; (consulté le 26 juin 2024).
  14. Klein, L., H. C. Dawes, G. James, W. J. Hall, C. F. Rizo, S. J. Potter, S. L. Martin et R. J. Macy (2023). « Sexual and relationship violence among LGBTQ+ college students: A scoping review », Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, vol. 24, n° 4, p. 2196‑2209.
  15. Jaffray, B. (2020). Les expériences de victimisation avec violence et de comportements sexuels non désirés vécues par les personnes gaies, lesbiennes, bisexuelles et d’une autre minorité sexuelle, et les personnes transgenres au Canada, 2018, [en ligne], <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2020001/article/00009-fra…; (consulté le 26 juin 2024).
  16. Bochicchio, L., M. Xu, C. B. Veldhuis, C. McTavish et T. L. Hughes (2024). « Mental health and substance use among sexual minority women who report childhood sexual abuse: A systematic literature review », Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, vol. 16, n° Suppl 1, p. S163‑S180.
  17. Barsalou-Verge, X., M. M. Gagnon, R. Séguin et C. Dagenais (2015). « Current Knowledge on Child Sexual Abuse in Indigenous Populations of Canada and the United States: A Literature Review », American Indian Culture & Research Journal, vol. 39, n° 3, p. 65‑82.
  18. Perreault, S. (2022). La victimisation des Premières Nations, Métis et Inuits au Canada, [en ligne], Statistique Canada, <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2022001/article/00012-fra…; (consulté le 26 juin 2024).
  19. Enquête nationale sur les femmes et les filles autochtones disparues et assassinées (2019). Réclamer notre pouvoir et notre place : Le sommaire du rapport final de l’Enquête nationale sur les femmes et les filles autochtones disparues et assassinées, [en ligne], <https://www.mmiwg-ffada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Le-sommaire.pdf&gt; (consulté le 18 juin 2024).

Authors: Maude Lachapelle, Scientific Advisor, and Claudia Savard, Specialized Scientific Advisor, INSPQ

External review: Roxanne Guyon, Sexologist and Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Université Laval | Malorie Comtois, Social Worker and Clinical Specialist in sexual violence at Juripop

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